Introduction

By taking the help of modern engineering and technology, in this project we are trying to protect our crop field. If wild animals enter into our agricultural field to destroy our crops as well as plants, then we have made some scaring provisions for those animals. This system activates automatically and no human being presence is required at all.

Components required

Battery

Relay

Resistor

Variable resistor

Diode

Capacitor

Transformer

LED

USB Player

7805 voltage regulator

Transistor bc547

Switch

Thermistor

Loud Speaker

Motor

LDR

LASER

IC 555

Solar Panel

Block Diagram

Components Description

Relay

Generally relay is defined as an electromagnetic switch. The relay used here is a 12 volt ice cube type.

Resistor

A resistor restricts the flow of current. The resistors used here are carbon film and quarter watt type.

Diode 1N4007

These are general purpose diodes. These diodes have high current capability and low forward voltage drop. The average rectified output current is one ampere.

Capacitor

A capacitor stores electric charge. Capacitors used here are electrolytic and mica type.

Transformer

It consists of two coils of insulated copper wire linked by an iron core. Transformers are used to step up (increase) or step down (decrease) AC voltages. Energy is transferred between the coils by the magnetic field in the core. There is   no electrical connection between the coils. Here we have used a shell type step down transformer which step downs 230 volt AC to 12 volt AC. It can  supply maximum 1A current.

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

It is a transducer which converts electrical energy into light energy.

LDR

LDR Stands for Light Dependant Resistor. LDR is a kind of variable resistor and its resistance value varies depending on the intensity of light falling on it. In dark, LDR offers extremely high resistance as high as 10 Mega Ohm but it reduces to 100 Ohms or less in bright light. So LDR is an ideal light sensor when our circuit has a dependency parameter as sun light. You can use a 5mm diameter LDR here.

NE 555

The 8-pin NE 555 timer is the most useful ICs ever made in the world. Its popular name is timer IC. It is used in many electronics projects. Just adding a few external components, it can be used to construct so many circuits. The 555 has three operating modes: Monostable mode, Astable mode and Bistable mode. It can withstand maximum supply voltage up to 16 volt. It has a maximum power dissipation up to 600mW.

BO Motor

A motor is a device which converts electrical power into mechanical power. BO  stands for  Battery Operated . BO motors are suitable for electronics hobby activities especially for small projects. It consists of small DC motor with gear arrangement to increase the torque. It is used in many DIY Robotic applications that are operated through batteries.

7805 voltage regulator

The 7805 voltage regulator IC gives us a constant 5 volt DC power supply from a 12 volt rectified output voltage. So , where the rest of the 7 volt goes ? Actually, the rest 7 volt goes nowhere. It is dissipated as heat in the heat sink provided to the voltage regulator IC.

Transistor bc547

A transistor amplifies current. It can be used with other components to make an amplifier or switching circuit. BC 547 is a general purpose transistor. It is an npn epitaxial silicon transistor. Its maximum collector current (DC) is 100mA.

Solar cell  

A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect. It is a form of photoelectric cell, defined as a device whose electrical characteristics e.g. current, voltage, or resistance vary when exposed to light. Cells can be described as photovoltaic even when the light source is not necessarily the sunlight. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon or germanium. Electrons are excited from their current molecular/atomic orbital. Once excited an electron can either dissipate the energy as heat and return to its orbital or travel through the cell until it reaches an electrode. Current flows through the material to cancel the potential and this electricity is captured for our use.

Thermistor

Thermistor is a component which changes its resistance as its temperature changes. There are two types of thermistor available which are NTC i.e. negative temperature coefficient and other is PTC which is positive temperature coefficient. In this project, we have used one 10 kΩ thermistor with NTC. A 10 kΩ thermistor has a resistance of 10 kΩ at 25 degree Celsius. If there is a drop in temperature, for example to 20 degree Celsius, the resistance goes up to 12.5 kΩ. If the temperature rises to 30 degree Celsius, the resistance falls to 8 kΩ. Depending on the variable value of resistance of thermistor the circuit exhibits its behaviour accordingly. Thermistors are nonlinear, that means the points on a graph representing the relationship between resistance and temperature will not make a straight line. Thermistors are easy to use, inexpensive, sturdy, and respond predictably to changes in temperature. Sometimes they do not work properly with excessively hot or cold temperature, they are the sensor of choice for applications that measure temperature at a desired reference point. They are ideal when very precise temperatures are required. Some of the most common applications of thermistors are in digital thermometers, in cars to measure oil and coolant temperatures, and in household appliances such as ovens and refrigerators, These are widely used in almost any application that requires heating or cooling protection circuits for safe operation.

Working

The 12 volt DC power source is recharged by both solar panel and rectifier circuit. When LASER beam is distracted by wild animal introducer, the LDR circuit triggers the timer circuit. This timer circuit rotates the scaring light and music system for a particular time period and then stops. The music system plays a loud human vocal sound to scare the animals. This is how the animals are made to evacuate the agricultural field. The above system is not only activated by the interruption of LASER beam but also by sensing the body temperature of wild animals.

Circuit Diagram For Power Supply

LDR Circuit Diagram

Audio Amplifier Circuit Diagram

Thermistor Circuit Diagram

Advantages

1. This project reduces the damage of agricultural field and crops by scaring and evacuating the wild animals.
2. It doesn’t bring any threats to wild life except scaring those.
3. The presence of human beings is not necessary here to guard their crop field. So, it reduces human effort.

Contact:

Er. Anil Kumar Prusty.

Phone : 9861004895